ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК В ДЕЛОВОМ И ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОМ ОБЩЕНИИ ТЕСТЫ 1-7 ИТОГОВЫЙ И КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТНЫЙ ТЕСТ СИНЕРГИЯ 3 СЕМЕСТР

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# Вопрос 1 ‘Safe’ small talk topic is … 2 A question that you repeat back at the person to find out some information about him or her, or to hear their point of view is called a … 3 The transitional phrases that show addition between the ideas are … (укажите 2 варианта ответа) 4 The phrase that is typical for the formal language is ‘…’ 5 Suffixes -tion or -ment are usually added, if we want to form a noun from … 6 Common endings for a part of speech such as … made from adjective are -ness, -ence and -ance 7 A polite conversation about things that are not important usually between people who are meeting for the first time is called … 8 A verbal business card is a 30 second … that tells your name, education or job status, career path story and goals 9 A group of people put together to work on the same task is called … 10 Aspects of behaviour, study habits, learning strategies and time management tools learned by students while studying are called … skills 11 In professional and academic situations that involve people we don’t know well is used such type of language as … language 12 A letter which is used by organizations to communicate in a professional way is called … letter 13 A productivity, prioritization, and time-management framework designed to help you prioritize a list of tasks is called Eisenhower … 14 Match the terms and the definitions: 16 Match the points of the presentation to the questions they may raise: 17 Match the presentation steps with the phrases: 19 Put elements of email letter into a logical order: 20 Read an email sent to a university professor.

Professor Hawkins,

Just a quick note to my presentation on ‘The importance of leaning foreign languages’.

First, I would be grateful if you could provide me with the information concerning the length and format of the presentation. Is it possible to use the Internet during the presentation?

Secondly, I am interested to know the date and venue of the presentation.

Looking forward to your reply.

Best wishes,

Oscar

How many mistakes can you find in this formal letter? Choose correct letter example.

# Вопрос 1 An overall structure of a research article is called … 2 A person who reads manuscripts and judges their suitability for publication is called … 3 The most popular journal ranking indexes are … (укажите 2 варианта ответа) 4 … is the act of sending a document, plan, etc to someone so that they can consider it 5 A type of research that aims to find out people’s opinions and feelings rather than information that can easily be shown in numbers is called … research 6 The institute that an author of the research article belongs to is called … 8 Put the research article’s elements into the correct order: 9 Put the publication stages into the correct order: 10 Below are two extracts from a research article that was rejected by the journal called Review of Educational Research.

PROVIDING SOCIAL SUPPORT MAY BE MORE BENEFICIAL THAN RECEIVING IT:

Results from a Prospective Study of Mortality

Stephanie L. Brown, Randolph M. Nesse

As demographic shifts have produced a relatively more aged population, factors that influence longevity have taken on increased prominence. The documented health benefits of social support may offer a promising avenue for reducing mortality among older adults. Indeed, there is a robust association between social contact and health and wellbeing (House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988). However, it is not clear that receiving support accounts for these benefits (House et al., 1988). Tests of the social-support hypothesis—that receiving support improves health and well-being—have provided somewhat inconsistent results (Kahn, 1994), demonstrating in some instances that receiving support is harmful (e.g., S.L. Brown & Vinokur, in press, Hays, Saunders, Flint,

Kaplan, & Blazer, 1997, Seeman, Bruce, & McAvay, 1996). In fact, a meta-analysis of the link between social support and health outcomes produced negligible findings, leading the study’s authors to conclude that the “small amounts of shared variance [between receiving support and health outcomes] may not be considered significant nor generalizable” (Smith, Fernengel, Holcroft, Gerald, & Marien, 1994, p. 352). Conceptually, it is not clear that receiving social support will always be beneficial. For example, depending on other people for support can cause guilt and anxiety (Lu & Argyle, 1992). And feeling like a burden to others who presumably provide support is associated with increased suicidal tendencies, even after controlling for depression (R.M. Brown, Dahlen, Mills, Rick, & Biblarz, 1999, de Catanzaro, 1986). The correlation of social support with dependence may help to explain why studies have failed to consistently confirm the social-support hypothesis. Furthermore, the benefits of social contact may extend beyond received support to include other aspects of the interpersonal relationship that may protect health and increase longevity—for example, giving support to others. However, with few exceptions (e.g., Liang, Krause, & Bennett, 2001), social-support studies rarely assess whether there are benefits from providing support to others. Some measures of social support do seem to tap giving—perhaps inadvertently—yet the benefits are often attributed to receiving support or sometimes attributed to reciprocated support.

For example, a nationwide survey of older peoples’ support networks measured social support by a combination of what was received and what was provided to others (Antonucci, 1985). Implicit in this assessment is the recognition that receiving social support is likely to be correlated with other aspects of close relationships, including the extent to which individuals give to one another. Thus, some of the benefits of social contact, traditionally attributed to receiving support, or to reciprocated support (e.g., Antonucci, Fuhrer, & Jackson, 1991), may instead be due to the benefits of giving support.

THE BENEFITS OF PROVIDING SUPPORT TO OTHERS

There are both theoretical and empirical reasons to hypothesize that giving support may promote longevity. For example, kin-selection

theory (Hamilton, 1964a, 1964b) and reciprocal-altruism theory (Trivers, 1971) suggest that human reproductive success was contingent upon the ability to give resources to relationship partners. Social bonds (S.L. Brown, 1999) and emotional commitment (Nesse, 2001) have been theorized to promote high-cost giving. The resulting contribution made to relationship partners is theorized to trigger a desire for self-preservation on the part of the giver, enabling prolonged investment in kin (de Catanzaro, 1986) and reciprocal altruists. Although few studies have explicitly examined whether helping others increases longevity, sociologists note the ubiquity of giving to others (Rossi, 2001), and studies show that individuals derive benefits from helping others, such as reduced distress (Cialdini, Darby, & Vincent, 1973, Midlarsky, 1991) and improved health (Schwartz & Sendor, 2000). Moreover, volunteering has beneficial effects for volunteers, including improved physical and mental health (Omoto & Synder, 1995, Wilson & Musick, 1999). Even perceptions that are likely to be associated with giving, such as a sense of meaning, purpose, belonging, and mattering, have been shown to increase happiness and decrease depression (e.g., Taylor & Turner, 2000, see Batson, 1998, for a review).

Limitations and Directions for Future

Research Although the prospective, longitudinal design of this study is very strong, given the outcome of interest, alternative explanations for these findings remain viable. It may be, for example, that giving support is a better measure of health than receiving support, or that individuals who have the resources and motivation to give are also more robust than those who do not, or that an abundance of resources promotes longevity and makes it easier to give. However, the beneficial effects of giving support were observed after controlling for the effects of age, functional health, satisfaction with health, health behaviors, mental health, interviewer ratings of health, socioeconomic status, and vulnerability to stress. Moreover, two distinct types of giving—GESS and GISO—contributed simultaneously to longevity. This means that a third variable correlated with one measure of giving—such as robustness of one’s health—would have been held constant in a model that simultaneously tested the effect of the other giving measure. Thus, it is unlikely that the same alternative explanation can account for both effects of giving support. Of course, given the correlational nature of the study design, the regression methods used to disentangle these alternatives do not give the confidence that would be achieved by an experimental design. Nonetheless, longitudinal prospective studies like the one described here are important precursors to eventual long-term (and large-scale) experimental interventions that promote giving support.

Conclusion

Giving support may be an important component of interpersonal relationships that has considerable value to health and well-being. It may not be a coincidence that mortality and morbidity studies inadvertently assess giving or manipulate giving (e.g., taking care of a plant, Rodin & Langer, 1977) to operationalize variables of interest such as receiving social support or locus of control. If giving, rather than receiving, promotes longevity, then interventions that are currently designed to help people feel supported may need to be redesigned so that the emphasis is on what people do to help others. The possibility that giving support accounts for some of the benefits of social contact is a new question that awaits future research.

REFERENCES

Antonucci, T.C. (2018). Personal characteristics, social support, and social behavior. In R.H. Binstock & E. Shanas (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (2nd ed., pp. 94–128). Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand-Reinhold.

Antonucci, T.C., Fuhrer, R., & Jackson, J.S. (1991). Social support and reciprocity: A cross-ethnic and cross-national perspective. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 7, 519–530.

Batson, C.D. (2020). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In D.T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 282–316). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Bradburn, N.M. (2016). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago: Aldine.

Brown, R.M., Dahlen, E., Mills, C., Rick, J., & Biblarz, A. (2019). Evaluation of an evolutionary model of self-preservation and self-destruction. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 29(1), 58–71.

Brown, S.L. (1999). The origins of investment: A theory of close relationships. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe.

Brown, S.L., & Vinokur, A.D. (in press). The interplay among risk factors for suicidal ideation and suicide: The role of depression, poor health, and loved ones’ messages of support and criticism. American Journal of Community Psychology.

Carr, D., House, J.S., Kessler, R.C., Nesse, R.M., Sonnega, J., & Wortman, C. (2021). Marital quality and psychological adjustment to widowhood among older adults: A longitudinal analysis. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55B(4), S197–S207.

Cialdini, R.B., Darby, B.K., & Vincent, J.E. (1973). Transgression and altruism: A case for hedonism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 502–516.

Cialdini, R.B., & Kenrick, D.T. (2015). Altruism as hedonism: A social development perspective on the relationship of negative mood state and helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 907–914.

Costa, P., & McCrae, R. (1992). Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO Personality Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 5–13.

de Catanzaro, D. (1986). A mathematical model of evolutionary pressures regulating selfpreservation and self-destruction. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 16, 166–181.

Fredrickson, B., Mancuso, R., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. (2000). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 24, 237–258.

Greer, S., Morris, T., & Pettingale, K.W. (1994). Psychological response to breast cancer: Effect on outcome. In A. Steptoe (Ed.), Psychosocial processes and health: A reader (pp. 393–399). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hamilton, W.D. (1964a). The genetic evolution of social behavior: I. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1–16.

Hamilton, W.D. (1964b). The genetic evolution of social behavior: II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 17–52.

Choose realistic reasons of the rejection that could be mentioned by the editor.

# Вопрос 1 An example of teaching strategy is … 3 Characteristics of deductive teaching are … (choose 2 answers) 4 Characteristics of Montessori educational program are … (choose 2 answers) 5 Inductive approach starts with giving … to the learners and then letting them to use it to figure out the rules by themselves 6 A systematic way of doing something is called teaching … 7 A well-defined procedure used to accomplish a specific activity or task is called teaching … 8 Learning method where learner is also an important resource because he/she knows something too and is therefore capable of sharing something is called … learning 9 Put the steps on how to flip your classroom into the correct order: 10 You are a primary school teacher. Students in your classes have learning problems. Students are uninterested and demotivated to all current kinds of activities. They can’t apply the knowledge they already have. They almost never do their homework. You want to change your teaching style and try a new teaching approach. Choose the most suitable approach that can help children from your class to learn better. # Вопрос 1 The main difference between e-learning and distance learning is … 2 The main element of online education is to get learning experience by using the … 3 The highest level of Bloom’s Taxonomy is … 4 Distance learning doesn’t involve any … meetings 5 The first step in choosing or creating ICT resources is to identify the learning … 7 Online educational material that is freely accessible and openly licensed for public consumption is called … 8 Match the level of the ICT Competency to its characteristic: 9 Match each level of the Bloom’s taxonomy to the correct example: 10 Put the elements of Bloom’s Taxonomy from the lowest level to the highest one: # Вопрос 2 The visual displays in the classroom shouldn’t … 3 The job or activity of planning the times at which particular tasks will be done or events will happen is called … 4 A layout of the physical setup of chairs, tables, materials in a school classroom is called classroom … 5 A feeling of energetic interest in a particular subject or activity is called … 6 The process of making judgments about individual students’ level is called … 7 The act of educating, giving the steps that must be followed is called … 8 Match each element of classroom management to appropriate teacher’s technique: 9 Match the terms to their definitions: 10 Put the steps of giving instructions process into the correct order: # Вопрос 1 Characteristics of lifelong learners are … (choose 3 answers) 2 According to Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, B2 level can be described as … level 3 Different roles that educator can pay in school are … (choose 3 answers) 4 Cognitive benefits of learning languages are … (choose2 answers) 5 According to Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, C2 level can be described as … level 6 The most popular tests of general and academic English are … (choose 3 answers) 7 According to Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, A1 level can be described as … level 8 The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) divides learners into … different levels 9 Type of research that examines cause-and-effect relationships is called … research 10 A non-profit organisation offering English language certificates for different language levels (e.g., B2 First, C1 Advanced, C2 Proficiency) is called … 11 Skills that can be a significant competitive advantage that sets you apart from your monolingual peers are called … skills 12 The process of gaining knowledge and skills throughout your life, often to help you do your job properly is called … learning 13 Training that is given to people working in professions to increase their knowledge and skills is called … development 14 The foundation of sound research, enabling investigators to objectively gather data to solve problems is called … method 15 Type of research that seeks to describe and explain past events is called … research 16 Match each research type to its definition: 18 Put the parts of the scientific method into the correct order: 19 Put the levels of CERF from the lowest level to the highest one: 20 You are a university professor from Russia. Your subject area is Social sciences. Besides teaching, you conduct research, read and write research papers in English and take part in international professional conferences. You successfully network with your foreign colleages. Choose the level that matches the description. # Вопрос 1 A systematic way of doing something is called teaching … 2 A well-defined procedure used to accomplish a specific activity or task is called teaching … 3 Noisy and busy classroom with the focus on both the students and the instructor is a characteristic of … learning 4 A classroom where an instructor lectures and students are listening is typical for … learning 5 Teaching system where students first study the topic by themselves and then apply the knowledge by solving problems and doing practical work in class is called … classroom 6 Montessori is a system of education for … that seeks to develop natural interests and activities rather than use formal teaching methods 7 Language and content are both taught at the same time is called … CLIL 8 The teaching and learning are focused primarily on language and are language-driven are called … CLIL 9 Match the term to its example: 10 Put the words into the correct order from the most narrow term to the most general one: 12 It is not true that distance learning involves any … 14 Competency framework for teachers (CFT) is a guide for teachers on the use of ICT created by … (give the abbreviation) 15 Electronic or computerized devices and associated human interactive materials that enable the user to employ them for a wide range of teaching and learning processes in addition to personal use is called … (give the abbreviation) 16 Match each term to its definition: 17 Match each level of the Bloom’s taxonomy to the correct example: 18 Put the words into the correct order from the most narrow term to the most general one: 19 Listening activities and lectures are … a (an) learning style 20 Motivation theory by A. Bandura, that suggests that behaviour is learned by observing and imitating the behaviour of others, is called … learning theory 22 Type of motivation when a person is motivated by something external is called … motivation 23 According to Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, B1 level can be described as … level 25 A non-profit organisation offering English language certificates for different language levels (e.g. B2 First, C1 Advanced, C2 Proficiency) is called … 26 According to Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, A2 level can be described as … level 27 Type of research that assesses the value of a procedure, program, or product is called … research 28 Type of research that tries to depict and explain present phenomena is called … research 29 Type of research that explores relationships among variables or tries to make predictions is called … research # Вопрос 1 You are a professor at university. You have conducted a survey among your students. According to the results of the survey, most of your students are experienced learners, they do not want to spend time on listening to lectures at the university. Many of them complain on the lack of practical activities. Choose the most suitable approach that can help students to learn better. 2 You apply for a Master’s degree. The university offers different forms of learning. You used to learn only in traditional classrooms. But now you want to try something new and modern. However, you are not sure that you will enjoy studying at home alone all the time. Also, the education shouldn’t be very expensive. Study the advantages of each type of learning and choose the most suitable one for this situation. 3 Alfie Williams is a business student. He chose this academic field because of his father who is the head of the corporation in London. He always wanted his son to help him with his business. In fact, Alfie’s real passion is music. He enjoys playing the guitar and writing songs because it makes him feel happy. Choose the correct explanation of the motivation types. 4 Helen Barker is a traveller. She visits different countries because she likes meeting new people and cultures. She has got a professional camera. Helen takes photos almost every day because she has to share them in her social media to become a famous traveller blogger. Choose the correct explanation of the motivation types. 5 You are from Russia, but last year you decided to study abroad and now you are living and studying in Europe. The university enrolled you because you had passed all entrance examinations successfully. Also, you passed IELTS exam and got 7.5 points out of 9. Studying at the university in Europe is not hard for you because you have a high level of Academic English. Choose the level that matches the description. 6 Your native language is Russian. You learned French at school and German at college. You enjoy learning languages. Unfortunately, you have never studied English before, that is why you decided to take English lessons. You have been learning English for two months now. Choose the level that matches the description.